Learn credit risk basics
Short guides on the numbers credit-risk teams work with every month: DPD, buckets, SMA, NPA, roll rates and vintage. Plain language, worked examples, no customer data.
What is DPD (days past due) and how to calculate it
DPD counts how many days a loan is overdue. Learn the rule, a worked example with several instalments, and the mistakes that make DPD wrong.
BasicsDelinquency buckets: 1-30, 31-60, 61-90 and 90+ explained
What delinquency buckets are, how DPD maps to them, how they link to RBI's SMA categories and Ind AS 109 stages, and how to report them.
PortfolioRoll rate analysis: how to read a roll-rate matrix
A roll-rate matrix shows where loans in each bucket end up next month. Learn to build one, read it, and use it to forecast how many loans reach 90+.
BenchmarksGross NPA vs bureau 90+: why the numbers never match
Gross NPA ratio and a credit-bureau 90+ rate look like the same thing. They are not. Learn the six reasons they differ before you compare them.
PortfolioVintage analysis: how to read a vintage curve
Vintage analysis groups loans by the month they were disbursed and tracks how they perform over time. Learn to build a vintage table and spot weak cohorts early.
Using AIHow to check AI-written credit-risk SQL before you trust it
AI tools write SQL that runs but may be wrong. Ten checks to run on any credit-risk query: row counts, duplicates, DPD edges, bucket totals and a hand trace.
Using AIUsing AI for credit-risk work without sharing customer data
You can get useful credit-risk SQL and analysis from an AI tool by sharing only table and column names. How the method works and what to keep out of the chat.
RegulationNPA classification: the 90-day rule and the asset categories
When does a loan become an NPA? The 90-day rule, how term loans and cash credit differ, the asset categories, and what it takes to upgrade an account.
RegulationSMA-0, SMA-1 and SMA-2 explained with a worked example
SMA categories are RBI's early-warning labels for stressed loans before they turn NPA. See the day ranges, a dated example, and how revolving accounts differ.
BenchmarksGross NPA vs net NPA: the difference and how to calculate both
Gross NPA is the total of bad loans. Net NPA subtracts the provisions held against them. Formulas, a worked example and what the provision coverage ratio adds.
RegulationRBI's 12 November 2021 circular on NPA classification: what it clarified
What RBI/2021-2022/125 clarified on overdue, out of order, SMA categories and upgradation, and what a risk team should check in its data.